By The Way , Did Anybody Study Any Real People ?

Despite continuing debates about the "user" emphasis in HCI, new design approaches, such as interaction design, continue to focus on humans as technology users, constraining the humancenteredness of design outcomes. The paper reviews popular approaches to user-centered design and concludes that these methods are targeted at the closure of technology-centered problems, rather than determining suitable changes to a system of human-activity that require computer-based support. A dual-cycle model of human-centered design is presented that combines systemic inquiry methods with user-centered implementation methods. The paper concludes with a summary of the limitations of user-centered methods and a discussion of when these methods are appropriate.